A patient has social anxiety disorder. Preconditioning. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. a. Perls. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. 29. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. c. superego. 2.2.1.2. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. d. transference. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. b. self-actualization. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. b. rationalization. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. What is this therapy? 114. This thought is an example of: a. depression. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. c. intellectualization. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. c. maintenance. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. c. repression. 146. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). d. classical conditioning. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. 48. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. The humanistic perspective. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? This is called the absolute refractory period. More on that over the next two sections. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. 2.3.2.2. The brain. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. 140. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Don't worry. 93. Genetic issues and explanations. See Figure 2.1 below. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. What is learning and what forms does it take? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. b. laissez-faire parenting style. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). 70. a. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. 2.3.4.3. b. biological. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 78. Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Mental Illness | Abnormal There are times when we learn by simply watching others. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. 100. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? a. gestalt 2.2.2. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. c. psychoanalysts. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 86. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. 81. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Continuous or partial? After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. d. propositions. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. 63. c. operant conditioning. 110. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. A story will illustrate the latter. Which is an example of latent content? And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. b. repression. a. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. 90. 2.3.2.5. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? 156. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. 23. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Unconditioned means unlearned. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. neurosis. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. Track the accuracy of the thought. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. The response re-emerges. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. 22. 2.3.2.1. Thats all right. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. b. multicultural. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. 141. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? 71. 35. 2.3.1.2. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. b. anxiety disorders. b. sociocultural The Structure of the Nervous System. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. Think of it as an If-Then statement. 2.2.1.6. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. Joanie has social anxiety. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. 56. Communication in the Nervous System. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. How so? What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. 61. 20. d. existential. d. Bandura. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Module Overview. b. exposure therapy. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. b. rationalization. b. the pleasure principle. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. d. humanists. b. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. c. operant conditioning. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. 111. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. b. ethnographic studies. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause..

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