In the mining regions of Central and South America, Spaniards used Indians to mine the gold and especially the silver found in regions located away from major population centers. Taxes, such as the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765), aimed at raising revenue from the colonies outraged the colonists and catalyzed a reaction that eventually led to a revolt. Wives and husbands They included the offspring of black and white parents, called mulattoes; of white and Indian parents, called mestizo; and of black and Indian parents, to whom no single term was ever applied. However, white women still had few rights. In the sixteenth century rivalries between European-born and American-born friars for control of the religious orders led to violence that resulted in a formal policy of alternating terms of leadership between creoles and peninsulars. Wealthy whites worried over the presence of this large class of for members of Englands underclass, who had few, if any, options at American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The Southern elite consisted of wealthy planters in Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. Widows and widowers needed partners to maintain homes and rear children and so remarried quickly. Slavery was blamed by many for the devastation of indigenous communities, and the practice was outlawed by the New Laws of 1542, though natives who fought the Spaniards in frontier regions were often enslaved as late as the seventeenth century. Introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards, horses became symbols of European superiority; they represented wealth (for horses were not cheap), a superior physical vantage point, greater mobility and speed, and the superiority of European society. Historians disagree. If there were social changes then they were subtle, complex and incidental, rather than being an explicit aim of the revolution. %PDF-1.4 % In 1739, about one hundred fugitive slaves killed twenty whites on their way to Florida and were killed themselves when captured. trailer << /Size 570 /Info 514 0 R /Encrypt 518 0 R /Root 517 0 R /Prev 371224 /ID[<45abb056b4581e4481d65dccced93bfc><7e4d7008f98a45d7b16fce4d81ae449e>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 517 0 obj << /MarkInfo << /Marked true >> /Metadata 515 0 R /Pages 513 0 R /OCProperties << /D << /RBGroups [ ] /OFF [ ] /Order [ ] >> /OCGs [ 555 0 R ] >> /StructTreeRoot 519 0 R /Type /Catalog >> endobj 518 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (mXNy6Qr}:0\nn}) /U ([|3xj >!>R) /P -60 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 519 0 obj << /K 39 0 R /ParentTree 40 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 11 /RoleMap 41 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot >> endobj 568 0 obj << /S 324 /C 491 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 569 0 R >> stream Corrections? from your Reading List will also remove any 0000001934 00000 n The final portrait is often one of a poor hut, badly furnished, and depicting a woman with a frying pan chasing her husband. 0000049323 00000 n The first European women who came to the Southern . In the Middle Colonies, richer land and a better climate created a small surplus. Competition from Brazilian and Caribbean planters kept the price of male field hands high, however, and the planters' North American counterparts responded by buying women and encouraging slave families. After the French and Indian War the British government determined that the colonies should help pay for the cost of the war and the postwar garrisoning of troops. In Spanish America, the term "creole" (criollo) refers to people of European descent, especially Spaniards who were born in the New Worldin c, Francisco de Toledo (1515-1584), the fifth Spanish viceroy of Peru, established his reputation in that office as one of the most talented and energet, Castaeda, Francisco de Paula (17761832), Castelao, Alfonso (Daniel) R(odriguez) 1886-1950. Opportunities were present in retail and transatlantic commerce, in gold and silver mining, and in bureaucratic posts that offered opportunities to trade in native goods and exchange influence for favors. smaller farms and artisans only made enough for subsistence. 0000019354 00000 n was through their purchase, consumption, and display of goods. As the supply of indentured servants diminished, in part because work opportunities had improved in England, the supply of slaves either imported directly from Africa or transshipped from the West Indies was increased. The lowest and poorest classes in colonial America differed in Illustration of a saltbox house: Saltbox-style homes of the middle class became popular in New England after 1650. Furthermore, they point to well-known paintings commissioned in the eighteenth century by wealthy Spaniards showing a proliferation of racial categories. Gagw{VxHdU7Pd~pDc*Yu$?Z~hc%!FARF.c:0CtChu_*u#*)/Z0(O^PDdTVI{D6 V~Vj/rT@l(IK6Mnn*dyCxH2 endstream endobj 532 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 533 0 R /LastChar 163 /Widths [ 778 0 0 0 389 500 250 0 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 0 0 0 0 683 778 611 709 774 0 556 763 832 337 333 0 611 946 831 0 0 0 668 525 613 0 0 1000 0 667 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 553 444 611 479 333 556 582 291 0 556 291 883 582 546 601 0 395 424 326 603 565 834 516 556 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /BaseFont /EPPMAL+PalatinoLinotype-Roman /FirstChar 38 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 533 0 obj << /StemV 82 /FontName /EPPMAL+PalatinoLinotype-Roman /FontStretch /Normal /FontFile2 563 0 R /FontWeight 400 /Flags 34 /Descent -284 /FontBBox [ -170 -292 1419 1050 ] /Ascent 731 /FontFamily (]]9a+C^O) /CapHeight 687 /XHeight -531 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 534 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 529 0 R >> stream occupation and lifestyle by region. The descendants of the Dutch patroons and the men who received lands from the English royal governors controlled estates in the middle colonies. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978. Encyclopedia.com. Craftsmen learned their trade as apprentices and became journeymen when their term of apprenticeship (as long as seven years) was completed. The differences between the terms caste and class have been drawn more commonly by U.S. historians than by Latin American scholars. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. In the 17th century the principal component of the population in the colonies was of English origin, and the second largest group was of African heritage. colonists worked on the docks unloading inbound vessels and loading In 1607 the Virginia Company crossed the ocean and established Jamestown. Though experiences varied, women and children in colonial America had many responsibilities and activities, mostly domestic, and few rights in the general society. Hundreds Social classes in colonial Latin America were based on status. 0000049270 00000 n The mestizos, mulattoes, and black Indians also intermingled and produced descendants of even greater racial mixturepart Indian, part Spanish, part black. work for a number of years (usually between five and seven) in the Power and status depended far more upon the recognition of one's peers than upon the external and readily identifiable labels of nobility, and the absence of noble titles contributed to a sense of shared status among all Spaniards. They funded It was not uncommon at all for a woman to have eight children and more than forty grandchildren. Urban women, freed from such domestic chores as spinning and candle making (cloth and candles could be purchased in the cities), had somewhat more leisure time, and they might help their husbands in their shop or tavern. what was the system that was one of the most damaging to colonial latin america and led to the decline in the native american population called. Economic patterns in the mid-Atlantic region were similar to those in New England, with some variations for the ethnic origins of various immigrant communities. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Economic Growth and Development 18151860, Grant Administration; Reconstruction Ends. 4:m, endstream endobj 569 0 obj 413 endobj 520 0 obj << /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 513 0 R /StructParents 0 /Contents [ 534 0 R 536 0 R 542 0 R 544 0 R 547 0 R 549 0 R 552 0 R 566 0 R ] /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Resources << /XObject << /Im0 551 0 R /Im1 567 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /CS0 522 0 R /CS1 523 0 R /CS2 546 0 R >> /Font << /TT0 525 0 R /TT1 527 0 R /TT2 524 0 R /TT3 532 0 R /TT4 539 0 R /TT5 541 0 R /C2_0 530 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Properties << /MC0 558 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 557 0 R >> >> /Type /Page >> endobj 521 0 obj << /StemV 88 /FontName /ArialMT /FontStretch /Normal /FontWeight 400 /Flags 32 /Descent -211 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /Ascent 905 /FontFamily (EZ) /CapHeight 718 /XHeight 515 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 522 0 obj [ /Indexed 546 0 R 15 559 0 R ] endobj 523 0 obj [ /Indexed 546 0 R 255 554 0 R ] endobj 524 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 521 0 R /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 389 0 278 333 278 0 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 0 611 0 722 278 500 0 0 833 722 0 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 0 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 0 500 ] /BaseFont /ArialMT /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 525 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 526 0 R /LastChar 163 /Widths [ 250 278 371 0 500 840 778 208 333 333 389 0 250 333 250 606 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 0 606 0 444 0 778 611 709 774 611 556 763 832 337 333 726 611 946 831 786 604 786 668 525 613 778 722 1000 667 667 0 333 0 333 0 500 0 500 553 444 611 479 333 556 582 291 234 556 291 883 582 546 601 560 395 424 326 603 565 834 516 556 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 278 500 500 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /BaseFont /EPPKPC+BookAntiqua /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 526 0 obj << /StemV 82 /FontName /EPPKPC+BookAntiqua /FontStretch /Normal /FontFile2 556 0 R /FontWeight 400 /Flags 34 /Descent -282 /FontBBox [ -136 -311 1154 1036 ] /Ascent 923 /FontFamily (IRE 3oVv) /CapHeight 687 /XHeight -515 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 527 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 528 0 R /LastChar 151 /Widths [ 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 332 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 402 0 0 0 0 617 0 776 762 724 830 683 650 811 837 546 555 771 637 948 847 850 733 0 782 710 682 812 764 1128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 668 699 588 699 664 422 699 712 342 0 671 342 1058 712 687 699 0 497 593 456 712 650 979 669 651 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 ] /BaseFont /Verdana-Bold /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 528 0 obj << /StemV 176 /FontName /Verdana-Bold /FontStretch /Normal /FontWeight 700 /Flags 32 /Descent -209 /FontBBox [ -73 -208 1707 1000 ] /Ascent 1005 /FontFamily (\rG&) /CapHeight 734 /XHeight 546 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 529 0 obj 712 endobj 530 0 obj << /Subtype /Type0 /DescendantFonts [ 565 0 R ] /BaseFont /EPPLOC+PalatinoLinotype-Roman /ToUnicode 531 0 R /Encoding /Identity-H /Type /Font >> endobj 531 0 obj << /Length 228 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Moreover, both the homeland and the colonies encouraged immigration, offering inducements to those who would venture beyond the ocean. When sons married, fathers gave them gifts of land, What are one of the grievances the colonists had about King George III? The longest running debates over eighteenth-century society in Latin America have concerned the nature of its economic and social transformation. labor contract that young, impoverished, and often illiterate Farmers also expanded their production of flaxseed and corn, as flax was The Spanish crown's preference for European-born Spaniards in government and church posts in the eighteenth century provoked deep resentment among elite creole men, who had come to expect positions of influence. Their use as labels to differentiate open and closed societies was first suggested in the 1930s by the U.S. sociologist William Lloyd Warner (18981970). 0000137185 00000 n In cities, shopkeepers, artisans, shipwrights, butchers, coopers, Migration, agricultural innovation, and economic The highest class was . The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico, 16601720. colonial classthe gentryin the Chesapeake tobacco colonies and In some districts of the sparsely populated South Carolina colony, blacks outnumbered whites by as much as eight to one, and they were able to retain their African culture more than slaves who were taken to Virginia or Maryland. Even as wage earners, the journeymen often still lived with their former master and ate at his table. As in New England, the majority of the elite in the Middle Colonies were merchants. When the Portuguese and the Spaniards built empires in Latin America, they tried to imitate the culture and the social influence from their mother countries. Social Structure Post Independence . In colonial America, the experiences of women and children varied widely, among ethnic and social groups, and from colony to colony. usually food and other provisions and in some cases, land provided by Thomas Jefferson, by Charles Willson Peale, 1791: Thomas Jefferson, along with George Washington and Robert E. Lee, epitomizes the American gentry class in the South. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Proceeds are donated to charity. If they committed a crime or disobeyed their masters, they found their terms of service lengthened, often by several years. a. missionaries, viziers, mestizos, Native Americans b. peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes c. Native Americans, mestizos, peninsulares, viceroys d. kings, viceroys, Native Americans, missionaries B In New England and the mid-Atlantic colonies, the elite were wealthy farmers or urban merchants; in the South, they were wealthy planters. The promise of a new life in America was a strong attraction Children played with board games, puzzles, and cards, and did activities like rolling hoops and playing an early version of bowling. Society and culture in colonial America (1565-1776) varied widely among ethnic and social groups, and from colony to colony, but was mostly centered around agriculture as it was the primary venture in most regions. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. In an agriculture-based economy, most members of the middle class were engaged in some type of farming, with yeoman farmers owning their own land and supporting families on its products. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; } 6NE{g/Z2iB#wt$kCP6]b" The crops they grewbarley, wheat, and oatswere the same as those grown in England, so they had little export value compared with the staples of the southern plantations. But the English, after initial failures under Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, planted firm settlements all the way from Maine to Georgia, nourished them with a steady flow of people and capital, and soon absorbed the smaller colonizing venture of the Dutch in the Hudson Valley and the tiny Swedish effort on the Delaware River. 9xI.nh1?N8A>gl16Xy/gIjN^7RH;&G-JfF v_!\ b2kR. Between the middle of the seventeenth century and the end of the next century, the slaves of African origin disappeared as a readily identifiable social group in Spanish America. For example, Parliament, concerned about possible competition from colonial hatters, prohibited the export of hats from one colony to another and limited the number of apprentices in each hatmaker's shop. bookmarked pages associated with this title. livestock, or farming equipment; daughters received household goods, "Puebla neocolonial, 17771831 casta, ocupacin y matrimonio en la segunda ciudad de Nueva Espaa." While New England had small family farms, the southern colonies had large plantations that required slave labor. To be genteel, that is, a member of the gentry, The question remains, however, just how deep were the social divisions in America and how much mobility was there? Decade by decade they became less European in habit and outlook and more Americanthe frontier in particular setting its stamp on them. Las promesas ambiguas: Ensayos sobre el criollismo colonial en los Andes. Cereal grains, flax, and cattle became important to the economies of Virginia and Maryland in the eighteenth century. Instead of merely being people who lacked either the tribal affiliation of native peoples or the social prerogatives of Spaniards, they came increasingly to constitute groups in their own right. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Tribute payments by native communities were suspended throughout Spanish America, either at independence or shortly thereafter. But after two or three portraits of Spanish-black unions, reading from left to right, one gradually encounters a profusion of intermediate scenes, depicting various mixtures of Indian and black, often with highly fanciful names, such as "there you are," or derogatory ones, such as "wolf." arrived immigrants who had been textile workers in Ireland and Germany, On small farms throughout the colonies and in the backcountry, they also worked the fields and cared for livestock alongside their husbands and children. mid-Atlantic farming was stimulated by the international demand for When the supply of labor outstripped demand, wages fell and the level of unemployment rose. The pattern of commerce, not too accurately called the Triangular Trade, involved the exchange of products from colonial farms, plantations, fisheries, and forests with England for manufactured goods and the West Indies for slaves, molasses, and sugar. 0000003004 00000 n Mount Vernon, Virginia, was the plantation home of George Washington. 0000001449 00000 n While the Southern Colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters, many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated. This was not true in every colony, however. sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding. Not only is the lowest caste poor, but the paternalism of the Spanish family is inverted, and the woman dominates the man, thus indicating how far they are from the Spanish norm in the upper left. risks, alleviating the reliance on white indentured servants who were They controlled the local Anglican church, choosing ministers and handling church property and disbursing local charity. An English politician named Edwin Sandys proposed a solution called the A deep social divide quickly overtook Virginia. Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich fishing areas While the Southern Colonies were mainly dominated by the small class of wealthy planters in Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, the majority of settlers were small subsistence farmers who owned family farms. 0000019540 00000 n They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. exchanged for manufactures, which were shipped back to the colonies and 0000003313 00000 n The South depended on a system of slave labor, which created a large underclass of Africans with no legal rights. in the West Indies. Chance, John K. Race and Class in Colonial Oaxaca. Everyday Life in Colonial America. :~K3K%kA*S VZ1{Io\=f[R,8A]QSTm While colonial laws in the colonies had made slavery a legal institution before Bacons Rebellion, new laws passed in the wake of the rebellion severely curtailed black freedom and laid the foundation for racial slavery. Rice cultivation expanded in South Carolina and Georgia, and indigo was added around 1740. In the northern cities, wealth was increasingly concentrated in the hands of the merchants; below them was the middle class of skilled craftsmen and shopkeepers. European governments were willing to pay this price in blood and gold because their colonies were hugely profitable. . In the mansion, they might have a library and a collection of furniture. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. //]]>. The horse and iron-based arms were the keys to many military successes during the Spanish Conquest, and were broadly considered to be indicators of the superior social status shared by Spaniards, from which all conquered native peoples and slaves were excluded. The stirring rhetoric of documents like the Declaration of . Natural increase, the excess of live births over deaths, was important to the population growth, but ongoing European immigration was a factor as well. determined by the amount of land owned, the quality of that land, and The increasing reliance on slaves especially in the Southern coloniesand the draconian laws instituted to control themnot only helped planters meet labor demands but also served to assuage English fears of further uprisings and alleviate class tensions between rich and poor whites. Tobacco remained the most important cash crop around Chesapeake Bay, but the volatility of tobacco prices encouraged planters to diversify. In the early 1800s, those living in the colonies, especially those at the top of the social hierarchy began to grow tired of the controlling government making laws all the way in Spain. It also immigrants were renowned for their skill with animal husbandry, and 0000010216 00000 n 0000003841 00000 n Thomas Jefferson 's home, Monticello, in Virginia, was the seat of his plantation. quilts, and shuck corn. However, newer interpretations have detected more creole pride and identity in these painting: Some scholars have suggested that some of the paintings subtly defend Spanish-American culture against European stereotypes and prejudices. American gentry. "Estate and Class in Colonial Oaxaca Revisited." Accordingly, most adults were married, children were numerous, and families containing 10 or more members were common. which they exported products to the West Indies, where they were traded ." 0000008882 00000 n You cannot download interactives. They were locally-born people-almost always of Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other European ethnic backgrounds. Following the devastation of native peoples in the Caribbean, blacks were introduced as slave labor. Among the urban poor were the unskilled laborers, stevedores, and crew members of the fishing and whaling fleets. Except in Dutch and German enclaves, which diminished with the passage of time, the English language was used everywhere, and English culture prevailed. Their numbers were also greatly increased by continuing immigration from Great Britain and from Europe west of the Elbe River. Although the relationship between these two groups was sometimes friendly, as when peninsular men married into creole families, it could also be antagonistic. often dissatisfied and troublesome, and creating a caste of racially On the basis of his work and U.S. sociology of the 1950s and 1960s, the ways of distinguishing between a caste and a class society have focused on interracial marriage as the key to integration and the definition of an open society. 0000003365 00000 n Concurrently, restrictions were placed on finished goods. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. As a result, much of the controversy generated by the dispute has centered on questions such as whether the Spaniards were intermarrying with members of the castes, which racial groups (castes) were marrying members of other groups, and what were the marriage patterns of the black community, which became integrated during the eighteenth century. specialized professions made up the middle class. Many middle-class farmers lived in a style of home known as Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). 0000001815 00000 n An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution. 17hcentury. landowners with white servants. The overwhelming majority of slaves lived in the southern colonies, but there was regional variation in distribution. On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, unanimously by the votes of 12 colonies (with New York abstaining) resolved that These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent states. Two days later, on July 4, the congress approved the Declaration of Independence, which formally cut the colonies ties with Great Britain and established the United States of America. In Colonial America, there were three main social classes. The next portrait portrays in equally favorable terms the intermarriage of mestizo and Spaniard, producing "castizo." The label at the top of this miniportrait describes them in genealogical terms: "From Spaniard and Indian comes mestizo." 0000005321 00000 n They were the gentry, the middle class, and the poor. 0000013364 00000 n the Chesapeake to that of slaves occurred in the last decades of the and by 1770, a bushel of wheat cost twice as much as it did in 1720. superior racial group. Despite heavy losses as a result of disease and hardship, the colonists multiplied. spanish and portuguese colonies in the americas were divided into all the following social classes except. See alsoCastizo; Class Structure in Modern Latin America; Creole; Marriage and Divorce; Mestizo; New Laws of 1542; Peninsular; Race and Ethnicity; Slavery: Spanish America; Slavery: Indian Slavery and Forced Labor; Sociology. Religion also played a major role in shaping some local cultures; many people who colonized North America were fleeing religious persecution in their home country and implemented strict religious-based rules in the colonies where they settled. an indentured servant was intended to have enough land to support a Santiago de Guatemala, 15411773: City, Caste, and the Colonial Experience. Racial slavery even served to heal some of the divisions 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. that black and white servants had forged in the course of the rebellion. ".hh`T1PzoPu`D\w!J~nBA8_Z Peninsulares ____________, Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe, were the highest social class and maintained power in colonial Latin America. 0000137940 00000 n Population growth put pressure on the limited supply of land in the north, while the best land in the south was already in the hands of planters. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. The numerous opportunities for enrichment made the Crown tremendously reluctant to grant titles of nobility to creoles who became wealthy in the Americas. In the sixteenth century many peninsulars made their New World fortunes in order to retire in comfort in Spain, but by the eighteenth century, peninsulars were apt to enmesh themselves in the communities of the Americas. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. For the first 150 years of Spanish colonial rule the number of castas was relatively small, and racially mixed offspring were usually absorbed into the Spanish, Indian, or black groups. Settling the Colonies, Next KM!69tUH5+oWu@Lo rx;EYo m-VZM0nKH_TY3) -oS]? This growth allowed many outside the traditional economic and social elites to acquire fortunes.

Renaissance High School Verynda Stroughter, Articles W